Policy-relevant questions

Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 7312 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and October 08, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 9.38% are Black/African American, 19.08% are LatinX, and 29.13% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 1915)\)
• No \((N = 4325)\)
• Didn’t Qualify \((N = 876)\)
• Intend to apply \((N = 177)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.00	> .999
Intend to apply	0.33	.563
No	4.00	.045
Yes	4.11	.043

West

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.01	.928
Intend to apply	0.00	.990
No	1.32	.250
Yes	1.49	.222

Northeast

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.12	.731
Intend to apply	2.11	.146
No	1.22	.268
Yes	0.96	.326

Midwest

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.02	.902
Intend to apply	0.17	.684
No	0.00	.958
Yes	0.01	.913

Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	2.46	.117
Intend to apply	17.09	< .001
No	35.98	< .001
Yes	41.09	< .001

LatinX

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.10	.755
Intend to apply	0.31	.575
No	7.23	.007
Yes	6.29	.012

Low income

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	23.15	< .001
Intend to apply	17.96	< .001
No	690.75	< .001
Yes	990.00	< .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	29.41	< .001
Intend to apply	19.99	< .001
No	791.62	< .001
Yes	1091.81	< .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	24.07	< .001
Intend to apply	32.12	< .001
No	702.49	< .001
Yes	998.47	< .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	26.74	< .001
Intend to apply	19.70	< .001
No	699.09	< .001
Yes	1003.31	< .001

Income by South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	26.74	< .001
Intend to apply	19.70	< .001
No	699.09	< .001
Yes	1003.31	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Didn’t Qualify - Intend to apply	-3.06	-7.08	0.97	.445
Didn’t Qualify - No	5.01	3.20	6.82	< .001
Didn’t Qualify - Yes	-3.36	-5.36	-1.37	.005
Intend to apply - No	8.06	4.32	11.81	< .001
Intend to apply - Yes	-0.31	-4.14	3.53	.999
No - Yes	-8.37	-9.71	-7.03	< .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Health/Medical \((N = 1045)\)
• Food \((N = 363)\)
• Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 284)\)
• Disability (not military) \((N = 242)\)
• Military Pension \((N = 2)\)
• Military Disability \((N = )\)
• Military Medical Care \((N = 3)\)
• Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 140)\)
• Housing Subsidy \((N = 48)\)
• Child Care Subsidy \((N = 28)\)
• Other \((N = 31)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.04	.836
Food	0.02	.884
Income	0.16	.694
Disability	1.45	.229
Military pension	1.41	.235
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.44	.506
Military	1.38	.241
Housing	0.35	.553
Childcare	0.26	.609
Other	0.00	> .999

West

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.00	.977
Food	0.23	.633
Income	0.00	> .999
Disability	8.44	.004
Military pension	0.00	.971
Military disability	0.27	.605
Military medical	0.88	.347
Military	6.48	.011
Housing	5.11	.024
Childcare	0.00	> .999
Other	0.06	.804

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Health	4.05	.044
Food	0.97	.325
Income	5.51	.019
Disability	0.67	.414
Military pension	0.00	> .999
Military disability	0.03	.858
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	0.65	.419
Housing	1.55	.213
Childcare	2.58	.108
Other	0.47	.494

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Health	1.94	.163
Food	0.27	.605
Income	2.40	.121
Disability	5.63	.018
Military pension	0.00	> .999
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	0.18	.671
Housing	3.81	.051
Childcare	0.19	.660
Other	0.99	.321

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	2.42	.120
Food	34.01	< .001
Income	61.88	< .001
Disability	0.17	.682
Military pension	0.57	.450
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	7.64	.006
Housing	12.00	.001
Childcare	1.46	.226
Other	0.00	> .999

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	2.59	.108
Food	3.03	.082
Income	0.15	.696
Disability	0.00	.979
Military pension	0.04	.836
Military disability	0.86	.354
Military medical	0.01	.910
Military	0.23	.628
Housing	4.23	.040
Childcare	0.00	> .999
Other	2.30	.129

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Health	475.68	< .001
Food	106.34	< .001
Income	136.69	< .001
Disability	106.45	< .001
Military disability	0.06	.801
Military medical	0.06	.801
Military	92.64	< .001
Housing	30.05	< .001
Childcare	1.32	.250
Other	13.77	< .001

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Health	513.98	< .001
Food	115.64	< .001
Income	160.57	< .001
Disability	193.68	< .001
Military disability	1.54	.673
Military medical	1.54	.673
Military	116.67	< .001
Housing	34.50	< .001
Childcare	2.82	.420
Other	16.80	.001

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	479.74	< .001
Food	133.02	< .001
Income	194.69	< .001
Disability	106.81	< .001
Military disability	1.23	.745
Military medical	1.23	.745
Military	100.43	< .001
Housing	35.98	< .001
Childcare	2.69	.443
Other	15.77	.001

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	495.61	< .001
Food	120.04	< .001
Income	142.93	< .001
Disability	106.78	< .001
Military disability	16.29	.001
Military medical	1.60	.660
Military	104.02	< .001
Housing	43.82	< .001
Childcare	3.28	.350
Other	26.01	< .001

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	482.10	< .001
Food	110.65	< .001
Income	140.24	< .001
Disability	114.22	< .001
Military disability	2.48	.479
Military medical	2.48	.479
Military	94.17	< .001
Housing	35.03	< .001
Childcare	2.00	.573
Other	16.38	.001

Related to well-being

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

• Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 3667)\)
• No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 225)\)
• No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 399)\)
• Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 117)\)
• Other \((N = 57)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.42	.516
No, not expected	0.01	.911
Other	0.00	> .999
Unsure	0.05	.825
Yes	0.38	.537

West

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.12	.724
No, not expected	14.52	< .001
Other	0.09	.769
Unsure	1.12	.290
Yes	10.80	.001

Northeast

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.01	.936
No, not expected	2.24	.134
Other	0.27	.600
Unsure	0.44	.509
Yes	2.48	.115

Midwest

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.19	.663
No, not expected	8.21	.004
Other	0.00	> .999
Unsure	0.64	.423
Yes	7.95	.005

Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	10.96	.001
No, not expected	1.10	.294
Other	0.00	> .999
Unsure	9.82	.002
Yes	5.04	.025

LatinX

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.00	.967
No, not expected	8.43	.004
Other	0.49	.482
Unsure	2.41	.120
Yes	10.36	.001

Low income

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.76	.384
No, not expected	0.29	.587
Other	25.03	< .001
Unsure	11.18	.001
Yes	7.95	.005

Income by Employment

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	2.13	.547
No, not expected	0.99	.805
Other	28.21	< .001
Unsure	18.61	< .001
Yes	9.39	.024

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	16.35	.001
No, not expected	2.65	.449
Other	26.76	< .001
Unsure	21.86	< .001
Yes	15.53	.001

Income by Latinx

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	1.89	.596
No, not expected	9.33	.025
Other	30.61	< .001
Unsure	12.76	.005
Yes	17.60	.001

Income by South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	1.89	.596
No, not expected	9.33	.025
Other	30.61	< .001
Unsure	12.76	.005
Yes	17.60	.001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, expected - No, not expected	0.34	-3.79	4.46	> .999
No, expected - Other	-2.64	-9.97	4.70	.955
No, expected - Unsure	2.47	-3.17	8.11	.912
No, expected - Yes	0.05	-3.35	3.45	> .999
No, not expected - Other	-2.98	-9.98	4.03	.920
No, not expected - Unsure	2.13	-3.07	7.33	.929
No, not expected - Yes	-0.29	-2.90	2.32	> .999
Other - Unsure	5.11	-2.88	13.10	.720
Other - Yes	2.69	-3.91	9.29	.931
Unsure - Yes	-2.42	-7.07	2.22	.846

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

• Has decreased \((N = 3222)\)
• Has stayed the same \((N = 3131)\)
• Has increased \((N = 921)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	5.10	.024
Increased	9.41	.002
Stayed the same	0.03	.860

West

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	1.51	.219
Increased	0.01	.940
Stayed the same	1.72	.190

Northeast

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	3.94	.047
Increased	3.76	.053
Stayed the same	0.43	.513

Midwest

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	4.48	.034
Increased	2.65	.103
Stayed the same	1.00	.318

Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	9.58	.002
Increased	2.17	.141
Stayed the same	4.30	.038

LatinX

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	39.79	< .001
Increased	3.93	.047
Stayed the same	24.61	< .001

Low income

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	101.93	< .001
Increased	2.12	.145
Stayed the same	124.99	< .001

Income by Employment

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	218.42	< .001
Increased	11.55	.009
Stayed the same	194.67	< .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	97.89	< .001
Increased	7.52	.057
Stayed the same	110.03	< .001

Income by Latinx

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	112.38	< .001
Increased	2.83	.418
Stayed the same	123.24	< .001

Income by South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	112.38	< .001
Increased	2.83	.418
Stayed the same	123.24	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	5.65	3.83	7.47	< .001
Decreased - Stayed the same	8.88	7.66	10.10	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	3.23	1.41	5.06	.002

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-4.27	-7.33	-1.20	.013
Decreased	-5.31	-8.13	-2.49	.001
Increased	-6.80	-12.78	-0.83	.026

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	0.53	-1.78	2.85	> .999
Decreased	-2.60	-4.69	-0.52	.044
Increased	-1.03	-5.37	3.31	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	3.86	1.78	5.94	< .001
Decreased	6.25	4.39	8.11	< .001
Increased	8.27	4.67	11.86	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	14.16	10.34	17.98	< .001
Decreased	10.52	6.96	14.08	< .001
Increased	13.79	7.83	19.75	< .001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	0.87	-1.27	3.01	.705
Decreased - Stayed the same	5.72	4.28	7.15	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	4.85	2.70	6.99	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-5.26	-8.87	-1.65	.009
Decreased	-5.65	-8.98	-2.33	.003
Increased	-3.26	-10.14	3.61	.353

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	2.79	0.06	5.52	.135
Decreased	-1.27	-3.74	1.19	.624
Increased	2.53	-2.47	7.52	.624

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	4.17	1.72	6.62	.002
Decreased	3.40	1.17	5.62	.003
Increased	9.90	5.76	14.04	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	19.32	14.83	23.81	< .001
Decreased	15.20	11.00	19.40	< .001
Increased	16.87	10.04	23.70	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	3.25	1.58	4.93	< .001
Decreased - Stayed the same	7.30	6.17	8.43	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	4.05	2.37	5.73	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-4.82	-7.66	-1.98	.002
Decreased	-5.50	-8.08	-2.92	< .001
Increased	-5.04	-10.50	0.42	.071

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	1.67	-0.48	3.82	.258
Decreased	-1.89	-3.81	0.02	.157
Increased	0.77	-3.18	4.73	.701

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	3.99	2.06	5.92	< .001
Decreased	4.82	3.10	6.53	< .001
Increased	9.09	5.82	12.36	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	16.74	13.21	20.27	< .001
Decreased	12.84	9.59	16.09	< .001
Increased	15.32	9.92	20.73	< .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

• No problems \((N = 2098)\)
• Minor problems \((N = 3725)\)
• Major problems \((N = 1125)\)
• Extreme problems \((N = 357)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	16.78	< .001
Minor	0.12	.725
Major	15.00	< .001
Extreme	1.40	.237

West

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	2.47	.116
Minor	0.40	.528
Major	1.60	.206
Extreme	6.94	.008

Northeast

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	7.30	.007
Minor	1.95	.163
Major	2.26	.132
Extreme	0.01	.937

Midwest

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	0.36	.549
Minor	0.01	.925
Major	2.84	.092
Extreme	1.46	.227

Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	22.43	< .001
Minor	0.07	.795
Major	12.44	< .001
Extreme	21.38	< .001

LatinX

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	38.37	< .001
Minor	4.23	.040
Major	18.99	< .001
Extreme	0.62	.429

Low income

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	489.75	< .001
Minor	4.06	.044
Major	273.25	< .001
Extreme	205.49	< .001

Income by Employment

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	580.09	< .001
Minor	40.44	< .001
Major	337.07	< .001
Extreme	311.55	< .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	499.22	< .001
Minor	6.64	.084
Major	280.63	< .001
Extreme	218.40	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.010
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.057
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	509.62	< .001
Minor	7.11	.069
Major	279.44	< .001
Extreme	212.48	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.010
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.057
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	509.62	< .001
Minor	7.11	.069
Major	279.44	< .001
Extreme	212.48	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-10.35	-11.61	-9.09	< .001
None - Major	-22.59	-24.30	-20.88	< .001
None - Extreme	-33.49	-36.13	-30.85	< .001
Minor - Major	-12.24	-13.81	-10.67	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-23.14	-25.70	-20.58	< .001
Major - Extreme	-10.90	-13.70	-8.09	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-7.24	-9.88	-4.61	< .001
None	-5.61	-9.44	-1.78	.008
Major	-5.61	-9.78	-1.43	.009
Extreme	-12.50	-19.55	-5.44	.002

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-2.53	-4.45	-0.61	.040
None	0.21	-2.54	2.95	.883
Major	-1.60	-4.82	1.63	.664
Extreme	-6.35	-12.85	0.16	.170

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	0.26	-1.47	1.98	.975
None	-1.82	-4.88	1.23	.777
Major	1.95	-0.99	4.90	.777
Extreme	-2.29	-8.73	4.16	.975

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	10.37	7.09	13.64	< .001
None	8.97	3.75	14.19	.002
Major	7.82	3.14	12.50	.002
Extreme	6.25	-1.67	14.18	.123

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-8.89	-10.43	-7.36	< .001
None - Major	-17.00	-19.07	-14.92	< .001
None - Extreme	-21.08	-24.30	-17.86	< .001
Minor - Major	-8.10	-10.02	-6.19	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-12.19	-15.30	-9.07	< .001
Major - Extreme	-4.09	-7.50	-0.67	.088

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-8.13	-11.30	-4.96	< .001
None	-2.79	-7.29	1.70	.446
Major	-8.56	-14.08	-3.05	.007
Extreme	-3.38	-12.34	5.59	.461

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-0.49	-2.80	1.82	> .999
None	3.96	0.75	7.17	.062
Major	-1.00	-5.28	3.29	> .999
Extreme	-6.47	-14.70	1.75	.372

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-0.76	-2.83	1.31	> .999
None	3.88	0.29	7.48	.137
Major	1.51	-2.37	5.38	> .999
Extreme	-0.07	-8.29	8.15	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	16.61	12.69	20.52	< .001
None	10.45	4.33	16.56	.002
Major	15.41	9.22	21.60	< .001
Extreme	14.45	4.62	24.29	.004

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-9.64	-10.81	-8.47	< .001
None - Major	-19.80	-21.39	-18.22	< .001
None - Extreme	-27.31	-29.76	-24.85	< .001
Minor - Major	-10.17	-11.62	-8.71	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-17.67	-20.04	-15.29	< .001
Major - Extreme	-7.50	-10.11	-4.90	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-7.70	-10.13	-5.27	< .001
None	-4.29	-7.78	-0.81	.032
Major	-7.08	-11.12	-3.04	.002
Extreme	-7.94	-14.55	-1.33	.032

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-1.49	-3.26	0.29	.300
None	2.10	-0.40	4.60	.300
Major	-1.29	-4.42	1.85	.421
Extreme	-6.34	-12.37	-0.31	.160

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-0.27	-1.85	1.32	> .999
None	0.97	-1.83	3.76	> .999
Major	1.72	-1.13	4.56	.947
Extreme	-1.17	-7.16	4.82	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	13.48	10.47	16.49	< .001
None	9.72	4.97	14.47	< .001
Major	11.55	7.03	16.06	< .001
Extreme	10.34	3.04	17.65	.006

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

• No \((N = 5219)\)
• Yes \((N = 2084)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	5.29	.021
Yes	5.29	.021

West

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	5.18	.023
Yes	5.18	.023

Northeast

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	2.71	.100
Yes	2.71	.100

Midwest

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	2.73	.098
Yes	2.73	.098

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	0	.954
Yes	0	.954

LatinX

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	19.9	< .001
Yes	19.9	< .001

Low income

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	48.31	< .001
Yes	48.31	< .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	84.24	< .001
Yes	84.24	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	65	< .001
Yes	65	< .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	60.12	< .001
Yes	60.12	< .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	60.12	< .001
Yes	60.12	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-8.27	-9.53	-7	< .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

• No \((N = 5954)\)
• Yes \((N = 789)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	3.28	.070
Yes	3.28	.070

West

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.7	.403
Yes	0.7	.403

Northeast

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.11	.744
Yes	0.11	.744

Midwest

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.66	.416
Yes	0.66	.416

Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.11	.745
Yes	0.11	.745

LatinX

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	23.61	< .001
Yes	23.61	< .001

Low income

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	33.44	< .001
Yes	33.44	< .001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	77.36	< .001
Yes	77.36	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	43.33	< .001
Yes	43.33	< .001

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	47.37	< .001
Yes	47.37	< .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	47.37	< .001
Yes	47.37	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-11.33	-13.18	-9.47	< .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Cost \((N = 137)\)
• Unable to get time away from work \((N = 129)\)
• Inability to find childcare \((N = 226)\)
• Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1645)\)
• Caring for family members \((N = 125)\)
• Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 142)\)
• Other, please describe \((N = 393)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	2.29	.130
Time away from work	0.59	.442
Inability find childcare	0.94	.332
Concern for covid	0.30	.582
Caring for family	0.00	> .999
Vaccine hesitancy	0.00	.986
Other	12.09	.001

West

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.00	.968
Time away from work	1.16	.281
Inability find childcare	1.50	.220
Concern for covid	2.20	.138
Caring for family	1.43	.232
Vaccine hesitancy	0.38	.538
Other	0.43	.512

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	3.43	.064
Time away from work	1.83	.176
Inability find childcare	0.02	.884
Concern for covid	1.89	.170
Caring for family	4.11	.043
Vaccine hesitancy	1.61	.205
Other	1.33	.249

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.02	.879
Time away from work	0.68	.409
Inability find childcare	0.00	> .999
Concern for covid	0.07	.790
Caring for family	0.11	.737
Vaccine hesitancy	0.22	.636
Other	4.53	.033

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.00	> .999
Time away from work	1.76	.184
Inability find childcare	0.08	.774
Concern for covid	0.62	.430
Caring for family	0.05	.819
Vaccine hesitancy	7.04	.008
Other	10.60	.001

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	7.94	.005
Time away from work	0.77	.379
Inability find childcare	2.64	.104
Concern for covid	26.90	< .001
Caring for family	1.82	.177
Vaccine hesitancy	0.02	.895
Other	5.95	.015

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	10.30	.001
Time away from work	3.27	.071
Inability find childcare	23.61	< .001
Concern for covid	37.35	< .001
Caring for family	12.94	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	12.92	< .001
Other	0.90	.344

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	22.67	< .001
Time away from work	11.72	.008
Inability find childcare	36.17	< .001
Concern for covid	68.42	< .001
Caring for family	23.86	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	25.94	< .001
Other	7.38	.061

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	13.51	.004
Time away from work	4.24	.237
Inability find childcare	25.65	< .001
Concern for covid	49.41	< .001
Caring for family	18.36	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	19.39	< .001
Other	15.18	.002

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	13.65	.003
Time away from work	7.26	.064
Inability find childcare	27.45	< .001
Concern for covid	57.34	< .001
Caring for family	19.84	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	18.04	< .001
Other	6.49	.090

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	13.34	.004
Time away from work	5.50	.139
Inability find childcare	26.01	< .001
Concern for covid	38.99	< .001
Caring for family	13.65	.003
Vaccine hesitancy	16.90	.001
Other	11.69	.009

Related to well-being

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 2373)\)
• No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1183)\)
• No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3381)\)
• Unsure \((N = 359)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.15	.695
No, not eligible	10.03	.002
Unsure	0.00	> .999
Yes	13.62	< .001

West

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	5.05	.025
No, not eligible	1.14	.286
Unsure	0.97	.325
Yes	0.01	.903

Northeast

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	5.86	.015
No, not eligible	28.33	< .001
Unsure	0.16	.690
Yes	15.52	< .001

Midwest

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.04	.844
No, not eligible	0.01	.927
Unsure	0.34	.560
Yes	0.34	.561

Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	3.09	.079
No, not eligible	79.07	< .001
Unsure	1.33	.248
Yes	74.27	< .001

LatinX

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	3.78	.052
No, not eligible	63.09	< .001
Unsure	4.28	.038
Yes	34.89	< .001

Low income

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	3.68	.055
No, not eligible	1088.30	< .001
Unsure	7.29	.007
Yes	1281.87	< .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	11.40	.010
No, not eligible	1142.66	< .001
Unsure	10.19	.017
Yes	1326.85	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	17.95	< .001
No, not eligible	1115.51	< .001
Unsure	12.42	.006
Yes	1296.38	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	9.04	.029
No, not eligible	1115.59	< .001
Unsure	11.70	.009
Yes	1299.92	< .001

Income by South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	9.04	.029
No, not eligible	1115.59	< .001
Unsure	11.70	.009
Yes	1299.92	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, know how - No, not eligible	1.27	-0.39	2.93	.439
No, know how - Unsure	-3.70	-6.66	-0.73	.069
No, know how - Yes	-3.98	-5.73	-2.23	< .001
No, not eligible - Unsure	-4.96	-7.69	-2.24	.002
No, not eligible - Yes	-5.25	-6.57	-3.94	< .001
Unsure - Yes	-0.29	-3.07	2.49	.997

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

• Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1699)\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1313)\)
• No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1699)\)
• No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1304)\)
• No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 135)\)
• Not applicable \((N = 488)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.11	.743
No, didn’t know how	2.09	.148
No, not available	17.61	< .001
No, planned	0.23	.630
Yes	13.94	< .001

West

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.98	.323
No, didn’t know how	2.28	.131
No, not available	17.13	< .001
No, planned	2.35	.125
Yes	5.29	.022

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	4.31	.038
No, didn’t know how	0.76	.382
No, not available	0.01	.905
No, planned	6.63	.010
Yes	13.86	< .001

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.28	.259
No, didn’t know how	6.23	.013
No, not available	0.03	.860
No, planned	0.00	> .999
Yes	2.12	.145

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.83	.363
No, didn’t know how	1.37	.242
No, not available	8.54	.003
No, planned	14.44	< .001
Yes	29.25	< .001

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.26	.262
No, didn’t know how	0.97	.324
No, not available	5.25	.022
No, planned	52.44	< .001
Yes	65.18	< .001

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.64	.424
No, didn’t know how	9.64	.002
No, not available	104.77	< .001
No, planned	194.79	< .001
Yes	522.60	< .001

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.64	.424
No, didn’t know how	9.64	.002
No, not available	104.77	< .001
No, planned	194.79	< .001
Yes	522.60	< .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	4.64	.200
No, didn’t know how	11.12	.011
No, not available	110.45	< .001
No, planned	212.23	< .001
Yes	554.71	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	3.97	.264
No, didn’t know how	17.68	.001
No, not available	109.23	< .001
No, planned	199.45	< .001
Yes	526.96	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	2.10	.552
No, didn’t know how	12.31	.006
No, not available	108.94	< .001
No, planned	227.10	< .001
Yes	552.43	< .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	2.10	.552
No, didn’t know how	12.31	.006
No, not available	108.94	< .001
No, planned	227.10	< .001
Yes	552.43	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
(N/A) - No, didn’t know how	3.12	-1.67	7.92	.705
(N/A) - No, not available	5.65	3.04	8.27	< .001
(N/A) - No, planned	4.41	1.80	7.03	.008
(N/A) - Yes	0.27	-2.26	2.80	> .999
No, didn’t know how - No, not available	2.53	-1.92	6.98	.800
No, didn’t know how - No, planned	1.29	-3.16	5.74	.980
No, didn’t know how - Yes	-2.85	-7.26	1.55	.710
No, not available - No, planned	-1.24	-3.17	0.69	.715
No, not available - Yes	-5.38	-7.19	-3.57	< .001
No, planned - Yes	-4.14	-5.96	-2.33	< .001

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

• Very hard \((N = 530)\)
• Hard \((N = 790)\)
• Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
• Not very hard \((N = 4092)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	22.97	< .001
Somewhat hard	9.54	.002
Hard	1.90	.169
Very hard	4.90	.027

West

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	5.69	.017
Somewhat hard	3.06	.080
Hard	1.84	.175
Very hard	10.49	.001

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	7.09	.008
Somewhat hard	2.83	.092
Hard	0.28	.600
Very hard	2.26	.133

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	0.33	.564
Somewhat hard	0.02	.878
Hard	6.32	.012
Very hard	4.70	.030

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	40.48	< .001
Somewhat hard	10.74	.001
Hard	4.95	.026
Very hard	14.59	< .001

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	67.04	< .001
Somewhat hard	19.78	< .001
Hard	27.00	< .001
Very hard	3.33	.068

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	878.28	< .001
Somewhat hard	183.33	< .001
Hard	215.33	< .001
Very hard	277.25	< .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	989.43	< .001
Somewhat hard	219.07	< .001
Hard	229.67	< .001
Very hard	350.54	< .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	905.54	< .001
Somewhat hard	196.18	< .001
Hard	224.20	< .001
Very hard	280.18	< .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	909.83	< .001
Somewhat hard	190.13	< .001
Hard	238.45	< .001
Very hard	280.33	< .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	909.83	< .001
Somewhat hard	190.13	< .001
Hard	238.45	< .001
Very hard	280.33	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-10.57	-11.86	-9.28	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-17.85	-19.66	-16.04	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-26.34	-28.49	-24.19	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-7.28	-9.25	-5.31	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-15.77	-18.06	-13.48	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-8.49	-11.10	-5.87	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-5.57	-8.28	-2.87	< .001
Somewhat hard	-8.24	-11.70	-4.78	< .001
Hard	-6.20	-11.43	-0.98	.023
Very hard	-7.77	-13.79	-1.76	.023

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-1.05	-3.01	0.90	.496
Somewhat hard	-2.40	-5.04	0.23	.223
Hard	-2.27	-6.12	1.58	.496
Very hard	-8.53	-13.55	-3.51	.004

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-1.03	-2.98	0.92	> .999
Somewhat hard	0.94	-1.44	3.32	> .999
Hard	0.91	-2.73	4.55	> .999
Very hard	-2.25	-7.30	2.79	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	6.16	2.28	10.04	.006
Somewhat hard	11.41	7.16	15.66	< .001
Hard	6.46	1.18	11.73	.033
Very hard	7.01	0.95	13.08	.033

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-8.73	-10.29	-7.16	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-14.48	-16.67	-12.29	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-16.43	-19.03	-13.84	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-5.75	-8.14	-3.37	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-7.71	-10.47	-4.94	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-1.95	-5.11	1.21	.620

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-5.54	-8.72	-2.35	.002
Somewhat hard	-8.26	-12.46	-4.05	< .001
Hard	-8.23	-14.87	-1.59	.031
Very hard	-4.05	-11.92	3.82	.314

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	1.87	-0.44	4.17	.337
Somewhat hard	-1.47	-4.68	1.73	.736
Hard	-0.03	-4.95	4.89	.991
Very hard	-6.77	-13.38	-0.16	.181

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	2.43	0.14	4.73	.151
Somewhat hard	-2.64	-5.52	0.23	.215
Hard	-0.90	-5.59	3.80	> .999
Very hard	0.62	-5.93	7.17	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	12.78	8.23	17.34	< .001
Somewhat hard	18.42	13.30	23.54	< .001
Hard	12.92	6.21	19.63	< .001
Very hard	10.55	2.67	18.43	.009

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-9.65	-10.85	-8.45	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-16.19	-17.86	-14.51	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-21.39	-23.38	-19.40	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-6.54	-8.36	-4.71	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-11.74	-13.86	-9.62	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-5.21	-7.63	-2.79	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-5.61	-8.08	-3.14	< .001
Somewhat hard	-8.25	-11.47	-5.02	< .001
Hard	-7.24	-12.19	-2.28	.009
Very hard	-5.92	-11.63	-0.21	.043

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	0.41	-1.38	2.20	> .999
Somewhat hard	-1.94	-4.40	0.52	.370
Hard	-1.08	-4.73	2.57	> .999
Very hard	-7.60	-12.36	-2.84	.007

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	0.67	-1.11	2.45	> .999
Somewhat hard	-0.85	-3.05	1.36	> .999
Hard	-0.05	-3.50	3.41	> .999
Very hard	-0.81	-5.57	3.95	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	9.47	5.93	13.02	< .001
Somewhat hard	14.92	10.98	18.85	< .001
Hard	9.59	4.61	14.57	< .001
Very hard	8.77	3.04	14.50	.003

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Food \((N = 1567)\)
• Housing \((N = 1693)\)
• Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
• Healthcare \((N = 745)\)
• Social \((N = 743)\)
• Emotional \((N = 806)\)
• Childcare \((N = 675)\)
• Other \((N = 205)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	2.95	.086
House	7.45	.006
Utilities	19.04	< .001
Healthcare	16.25	< .001
Social	1.95	.162
Emotional	0.21	.645
Childcare	4.65	.031
Other	0.47	.491

West

key	statistic	p.value
Food	1.50	.221
House	0.15	.697
Utilities	12.29	< .001
Healthcare	1.21	.271
Social	0.00	> .999
Emotional	0.58	.448
Childcare	0.01	.934
Other	0.21	.649

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Food	6.20	.013
House	1.61	.205
Utilities	1.41	.235
Healthcare	15.35	< .001
Social	0.10	.757
Emotional	0.69	.408
Childcare	5.78	.016
Other	0.00	> .999

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Food	2.19	.138
House	2.31	.129
Utilities	0.04	.846
Healthcare	0.00	> .999
Social	1.59	.208
Emotional	0.97	.325
Childcare	0.03	.858
Other	0.09	.762

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	15.48	< .001
House	11.59	.001
Utilities	18.88	< .001
Healthcare	0.00	.948
Social	1.19	.276
Emotional	0.02	.875
Childcare	23.47	< .001
Other	0.61	.435

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	36.93	< .001
House	48.92	< .001
Utilities	45.83	< .001
Healthcare	5.78	.016
Social	0.01	.923
Emotional	0.96	.326
Childcare	0.83	.361
Other	0.02	.877

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Food	266.53	< .001
House	414.38	< .001
Utilities	744.54	< .001
Healthcare	7.91	.005
Social	148.77	< .001
Emotional	172.75	< .001
Childcare	35.50	< .001
Other	71.83	< .001

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Food	315.42	< .001
House	499.52	< .001
Utilities	851.83	< .001
Healthcare	37.82	< .001
Social	172.38	< .001
Emotional	211.33	< .001
Childcare	36.90	< .001
Other	80.41	< .001

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	280.11	< .001
House	421.09	< .001
Utilities	769.90	< .001
Healthcare	9.80	.020
Social	161.24	< .001
Emotional	178.39	< .001
Childcare	56.34	< .001
Other	74.17	< .001

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	289.56	< .001
House	438.89	< .001
Utilities	763.32	< .001
Healthcare	16.30	.001
Social	161.92	< .001
Emotional	194.06	< .001
Childcare	41.65	< .001
Other	74.64	< .001

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	279.00	< .001
House	426.42	< .001
Utilities	752.11	< .001
Healthcare	24.73	< .001
Social	162.20	< .001
Emotional	176.73	< .001
Childcare	39.32	< .001
Other	75.64	< .001

Related to well-being

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

• 0 \((N = 4177)\)
• 1 \((N = 671)\)
• 2 \((N = 921)\)
• 3 \((N = 752)\)
• 4 \((N = 417)\)
• 5 \((N = 214)\)
• 6 \((N = 101)\)
• 7 \((N = 55)\)
• 8 \((N = 4)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	22.06	< .001
1	1.08	.300
2	15.37	< .001
3	2.34	.126
4	0.30	.582
5	0.06	.813
6	0.87	.351

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	6.30	.012
1	0.53	.468
2	5.17	.023
3	0.50	.481
4	0.02	.880
5	0.24	.626
6	1.33	.249

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	6.89	.009
1	0.00	> .999
2	2.04	.153
3	0.93	.335
4	2.84	.092
5	0.13	.717
6	0.02	.878

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	0.14	.710
1	0.15	.698
2	0.56	.456
3	0.00	.945
4	0.31	.578
5	0.01	.942
6	0.08	.780

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	38.37	< .001
1	20.48	< .001
2	10.94	.001
3	0.82	.366
4	1.21	.271
5	0.02	.881
6	0.45	.503

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	64.78	< .001
1	19.98	< .001
2	19.16	< .001
3	5.38	.020
4	0.57	.449
5	0.07	.785
6	2.75	.097

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	844.96	< .001
1	91.75	< .001
2	188.17	< .001
3	124.24	< .001
4	87.93	< .001
5	29.36	< .001
6	17.95	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	956.18	< .001
1	100.47	< .001
2	233.09	< .001
3	137.39	< .001
4	93.34	< .001
5	44.01	< .001
6	28.38	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	873.00	< .001
1	102.23	< .001
2	194.48	< .001
3	133.51	< .001
4	90.58	< .001
5	31.89	< .001
6	20.73	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.001
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.166
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	874.80	< .001
1	102.48	< .001
2	198.00	< .001
3	126.29	< .001
4	91.37	< .001
5	36.26	< .001
6	23.92	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.438
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.000

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	874.80	< .001
1	102.48	< .001
2	198.00	< .001
3	126.29	< .001
4	91.37	< .001
5	36.26	< .001
6	23.92	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
5.32	4.98	5.65	< .001

Related to child well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
4.16	3.75	4.56	< .001

Related to family well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
4.74	4.43	5.05	< .001

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	22.06	< .001
1+	22.06	< .001

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	6.3	.012
1+	6.3	.012

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	6.89	.009
1+	6.89	.009

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	0.14	.710
1+	0.14	.710

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	38.37	< .001
1+	38.37	< .001

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	64.78	< .001
1+	64.78	< .001

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	844.96	< .001
1+	844.96	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	956.18	< .001
1+	956.18	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	873	< .001
1+	873	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.198
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	874.8	< .001
1+	874.8	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.175
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.000

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	874.8	< .001
1+	874.8	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - (1+)	-15.3	-16.41	-14.19	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-5.46	-8.13	-2.80	< .001
1+	-7.22	-9.92	-4.52	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-1.27	-3.2	0.67	.199
1+	-3.13	-5.2	-1.06	.006

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-1.05	-2.96	0.86	.280
1+	2.61	0.71	4.50	.014

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	6.53	2.72	10.33	.001
1+	10.53	7.54	13.52	< .001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - (1+)	-11.65	-12.98	-10.31	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-5.35	-8.49	-2.21	.001
1+	-7.37	-10.68	-4.07	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	1.40	-0.87	3.67	.452
1+	-1.44	-3.98	1.09	.452

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	2.06	-0.19	4.30	.146
1+	-0.14	-2.46	2.18	.904

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	12.75	8.29	17.22	< .001
1+	15.87	12.23	19.50	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - (1+)	-13.48	-14.51	-12.45	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-5.46	-7.89	-3.03	< .001
1+	-7.30	-9.82	-4.78	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	0.07	-1.70	1.83	.940
1+	-2.25	-4.18	-0.32	.045

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	0.47	-1.27	2.22	.594
1+	1.23	-0.54	3.00	.345

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	9.64	6.17	13.11	< .001
1+	13.16	10.39	15.94	< .001