Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 7312 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and October 08, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 9.38% are Black/African American, 19.08% are LatinX, and 29.13% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 1915)\)
  • No \((N = 4325)\)
  • Didn’t Qualify \((N = 876)\)
  • Intend to apply \((N = 177)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.00 > .999
Intend to apply 0.33 .563
No 4.00 .045
Yes 4.11 .043

West

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.01 .928
Intend to apply 0.00 .990
No 1.32 .250
Yes 1.49 .222

Northeast

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.12 .731
Intend to apply 2.11 .146
No 1.22 .268
Yes 0.96 .326

Midwest

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.02 .902
Intend to apply 0.17 .684
No 0.00 .958
Yes 0.01 .913

Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 2.46 .117
Intend to apply 17.09 < .001
No 35.98 < .001
Yes 41.09 < .001

LatinX

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.10 .755
Intend to apply 0.31 .575
No 7.23 .007
Yes 6.29 .012

Low income

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 23.15 < .001
Intend to apply 17.96 < .001
No 690.75 < .001
Yes 990.00 < .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 29.41 < .001
Intend to apply 19.99 < .001
No 791.62 < .001
Yes 1091.81 < .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 24.07 < .001
Intend to apply 32.12 < .001
No 702.49 < .001
Yes 998.47 < .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 26.74 < .001
Intend to apply 19.70 < .001
No 699.09 < .001
Yes 1003.31 < .001

Income by South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 26.74 < .001
Intend to apply 19.70 < .001
No 699.09 < .001
Yes 1003.31 < .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Health/Medical \((N = 1045)\)
  • Food \((N = 363)\)
  • Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 284)\)
  • Disability (not military) \((N = 242)\)
  • Military Pension \((N = 2)\)
  • Military Disability \((N = )\)
  • Military Medical Care \((N = 3)\)
  • Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 140)\)
  • Housing Subsidy \((N = 48)\)
  • Child Care Subsidy \((N = 28)\)
  • Other \((N = 31)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Health 0.04 .836
Food 0.02 .884
Income 0.16 .694
Disability 1.45 .229
Military pension 1.41 .235
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.44 .506
Military 1.38 .241
Housing 0.35 .553
Childcare 0.26 .609
Other 0.00 > .999

West

key statistic p.value
Health 0.00 .977
Food 0.23 .633
Income 0.00 > .999
Disability 8.44 .004
Military pension 0.00 .971
Military disability 0.27 .605
Military medical 0.88 .347
Military 6.48 .011
Housing 5.11 .024
Childcare 0.00 > .999
Other 0.06 .804

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Health 4.05 .044
Food 0.97 .325
Income 5.51 .019
Disability 0.67 .414
Military pension 0.00 > .999
Military disability 0.03 .858
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 0.65 .419
Housing 1.55 .213
Childcare 2.58 .108
Other 0.47 .494

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Health 1.94 .163
Food 0.27 .605
Income 2.40 .121
Disability 5.63 .018
Military pension 0.00 > .999
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 0.18 .671
Housing 3.81 .051
Childcare 0.19 .660
Other 0.99 .321

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 2.42 .120
Food 34.01 < .001
Income 61.88 < .001
Disability 0.17 .682
Military pension 0.57 .450
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 7.64 .006
Housing 12.00 .001
Childcare 1.46 .226
Other 0.00 > .999

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 2.59 .108
Food 3.03 .082
Income 0.15 .696
Disability 0.00 .979
Military pension 0.04 .836
Military disability 0.86 .354
Military medical 0.01 .910
Military 0.23 .628
Housing 4.23 .040
Childcare 0.00 > .999
Other 2.30 .129

Low income

key statistic p.value
Health 475.68 < .001
Food 106.34 < .001
Income 136.69 < .001
Disability 106.45 < .001
Military disability 0.06 .801
Military medical 0.06 .801
Military 92.64 < .001
Housing 30.05 < .001
Childcare 1.32 .250
Other 13.77 < .001

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Health 513.98 < .001
Food 115.64 < .001
Income 160.57 < .001
Disability 193.68 < .001
Military disability 1.54 .673
Military medical 1.54 .673
Military 116.67 < .001
Housing 34.50 < .001
Childcare 2.82 .420
Other 16.80 .001

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 479.74 < .001
Food 133.02 < .001
Income 194.69 < .001
Disability 106.81 < .001
Military disability 1.23 .745
Military medical 1.23 .745
Military 100.43 < .001
Housing 35.98 < .001
Childcare 2.69 .443
Other 15.77 .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 495.61 < .001
Food 120.04 < .001
Income 142.93 < .001
Disability 106.78 < .001
Military disability 16.29 .001
Military medical 1.60 .660
Military 104.02 < .001
Housing 43.82 < .001
Childcare 3.28 .350
Other 26.01 < .001

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Health 482.10 < .001
Food 110.65 < .001
Income 140.24 < .001
Disability 114.22 < .001
Military disability 2.48 .479
Military medical 2.48 .479
Military 94.17 < .001
Housing 35.03 < .001
Childcare 2.00 .573
Other 16.38 .001

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

  • Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 3667)\)
  • No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 225)\)
  • No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 399)\)
  • Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 117)\)
  • Other \((N = 57)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.42 .516
No, not expected 0.01 .911
Other 0.00 > .999
Unsure 0.05 .825
Yes 0.38 .537

West

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.12 .724
No, not expected 14.52 < .001
Other 0.09 .769
Unsure 1.12 .290
Yes 10.80 .001

Northeast

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.01 .936
No, not expected 2.24 .134
Other 0.27 .600
Unsure 0.44 .509
Yes 2.48 .115

Midwest

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.19 .663
No, not expected 8.21 .004
Other 0.00 > .999
Unsure 0.64 .423
Yes 7.95 .005

Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 10.96 .001
No, not expected 1.10 .294
Other 0.00 > .999
Unsure 9.82 .002
Yes 5.04 .025

LatinX

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.00 .967
No, not expected 8.43 .004
Other 0.49 .482
Unsure 2.41 .120
Yes 10.36 .001

Low income

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.76 .384
No, not expected 0.29 .587
Other 25.03 < .001
Unsure 11.18 .001
Yes 7.95 .005

Income by Employment

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 2.13 .547
No, not expected 0.99 .805
Other 28.21 < .001
Unsure 18.61 < .001
Yes 9.39 .024

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 16.35 .001
No, not expected 2.65 .449
Other 26.76 < .001
Unsure 21.86 < .001
Yes 15.53 .001

Income by Latinx

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 1.89 .596
No, not expected 9.33 .025
Other 30.61 < .001
Unsure 12.76 .005
Yes 17.60 .001

Income by South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 1.89 .596
No, not expected 9.33 .025
Other 30.61 < .001
Unsure 12.76 .005
Yes 17.60 .001

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

  • Has decreased \((N = 3222)\)
  • Has stayed the same \((N = 3131)\)
  • Has increased \((N = 921)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 5.10 .024
Increased 9.41 .002
Stayed the same 0.03 .860

West

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 1.51 .219
Increased 0.01 .940
Stayed the same 1.72 .190

Northeast

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 3.94 .047
Increased 3.76 .053
Stayed the same 0.43 .513

Midwest

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 4.48 .034
Increased 2.65 .103
Stayed the same 1.00 .318

Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 9.58 .002
Increased 2.17 .141
Stayed the same 4.30 .038

LatinX

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 39.79 < .001
Increased 3.93 .047
Stayed the same 24.61 < .001

Low income

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 101.93 < .001
Increased 2.12 .145
Stayed the same 124.99 < .001

Income by Employment

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 218.42 < .001
Increased 11.55 .009
Stayed the same 194.67 < .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 97.89 < .001
Increased 7.52 .057
Stayed the same 110.03 < .001

Income by Latinx

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 112.38 < .001
Increased 2.83 .418
Stayed the same 123.24 < .001

Income by South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 112.38 < .001
Increased 2.83 .418
Stayed the same 123.24 < .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

  • No problems \((N = 2098)\)
  • Minor problems \((N = 3725)\)
  • Major problems \((N = 1125)\)
  • Extreme problems \((N = 357)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 16.78 < .001
Minor 0.12 .725
Major 15.00 < .001
Extreme 1.40 .237

West

financial_status statistic p.value
None 2.47 .116
Minor 0.40 .528
Major 1.60 .206
Extreme 6.94 .008

Northeast

financial_status statistic p.value
None 7.30 .007
Minor 1.95 .163
Major 2.26 .132
Extreme 0.01 .937

Midwest

financial_status statistic p.value
None 0.36 .549
Minor 0.01 .925
Major 2.84 .092
Extreme 1.46 .227

Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 22.43 < .001
Minor 0.07 .795
Major 12.44 < .001
Extreme 21.38 < .001

LatinX

financial_status statistic p.value
None 38.37 < .001
Minor 4.23 .040
Major 18.99 < .001
Extreme 0.62 .429

Low income

financial_status statistic p.value
None 489.75 < .001
Minor 4.06 .044
Major 273.25 < .001
Extreme 205.49 < .001

Income by Employment

financial_status statistic p.value
None 580.09 < .001
Minor 40.44 < .001
Major 337.07 < .001
Extreme 311.55 < .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 499.22 < .001
Minor 6.64 .084
Major 280.63 < .001
Extreme 218.40 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.010
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.057
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status statistic p.value
None 509.62 < .001
Minor 7.11 .069
Major 279.44 < .001
Extreme 212.48 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.010
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.057
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 509.62 < .001
Minor 7.11 .069
Major 279.44 < .001
Extreme 212.48 < .001

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

  • No \((N = 5219)\)
  • Yes \((N = 2084)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 5.29 .021
Yes 5.29 .021

West

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 5.18 .023
Yes 5.18 .023

Northeast

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 2.71 .100
Yes 2.71 .100

Midwest

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 2.73 .098
Yes 2.73 .098

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 0 .954
Yes 0 .954

LatinX

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 19.9 < .001
Yes 19.9 < .001

Low income

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 48.31 < .001
Yes 48.31 < .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 84.24 < .001
Yes 84.24 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 65 < .001
Yes 65 < .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 60.12 < .001
Yes 60.12 < .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 60.12 < .001
Yes 60.12 < .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

  • No \((N = 5954)\)
  • Yes \((N = 789)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 3.28 .070
Yes 3.28 .070

West

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.7 .403
Yes 0.7 .403

Northeast

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.11 .744
Yes 0.11 .744

Midwest

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.66 .416
Yes 0.66 .416

Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.11 .745
Yes 0.11 .745

LatinX

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 23.61 < .001
Yes 23.61 < .001

Low income

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 33.44 < .001
Yes 33.44 < .001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 77.36 < .001
Yes 77.36 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 43.33 < .001
Yes 43.33 < .001

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 47.37 < .001
Yes 47.37 < .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 47.37 < .001
Yes 47.37 < .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Cost \((N = 137)\)
  • Unable to get time away from work \((N = 129)\)
  • Inability to find childcare \((N = 226)\)
  • Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1645)\)
  • Caring for family members \((N = 125)\)
  • Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 142)\)
  • Other, please describe \((N = 393)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Cost 2.29 .130
Time away from work 0.59 .442
Inability find childcare 0.94 .332
Concern for covid 0.30 .582
Caring for family 0.00 > .999
Vaccine hesitancy 0.00 .986
Other 12.09 .001

West

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.00 .968
Time away from work 1.16 .281
Inability find childcare 1.50 .220
Concern for covid 2.20 .138
Caring for family 1.43 .232
Vaccine hesitancy 0.38 .538
Other 0.43 .512

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Cost 3.43 .064
Time away from work 1.83 .176
Inability find childcare 0.02 .884
Concern for covid 1.89 .170
Caring for family 4.11 .043
Vaccine hesitancy 1.61 .205
Other 1.33 .249

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.02 .879
Time away from work 0.68 .409
Inability find childcare 0.00 > .999
Concern for covid 0.07 .790
Caring for family 0.11 .737
Vaccine hesitancy 0.22 .636
Other 4.53 .033

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.00 > .999
Time away from work 1.76 .184
Inability find childcare 0.08 .774
Concern for covid 0.62 .430
Caring for family 0.05 .819
Vaccine hesitancy 7.04 .008
Other 10.60 .001

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 7.94 .005
Time away from work 0.77 .379
Inability find childcare 2.64 .104
Concern for covid 26.90 < .001
Caring for family 1.82 .177
Vaccine hesitancy 0.02 .895
Other 5.95 .015

Low income

key statistic p.value
Cost 10.30 .001
Time away from work 3.27 .071
Inability find childcare 23.61 < .001
Concern for covid 37.35 < .001
Caring for family 12.94 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 12.92 < .001
Other 0.90 .344

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Cost 22.67 < .001
Time away from work 11.72 .008
Inability find childcare 36.17 < .001
Concern for covid 68.42 < .001
Caring for family 23.86 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 25.94 < .001
Other 7.38 .061

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 13.51 .004
Time away from work 4.24 .237
Inability find childcare 25.65 < .001
Concern for covid 49.41 < .001
Caring for family 18.36 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 19.39 < .001
Other 15.18 .002

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 13.65 .003
Time away from work 7.26 .064
Inability find childcare 27.45 < .001
Concern for covid 57.34 < .001
Caring for family 19.84 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 18.04 < .001
Other 6.49 .090

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Cost 13.34 .004
Time away from work 5.50 .139
Inability find childcare 26.01 < .001
Concern for covid 38.99 < .001
Caring for family 13.65 .003
Vaccine hesitancy 16.90 .001
Other 11.69 .009

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 2373)\)
  • No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1183)\)
  • No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3381)\)
  • Unsure \((N = 359)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.15 .695
No, not eligible 10.03 .002
Unsure 0.00 > .999
Yes 13.62 < .001

West

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 5.05 .025
No, not eligible 1.14 .286
Unsure 0.97 .325
Yes 0.01 .903

Northeast

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 5.86 .015
No, not eligible 28.33 < .001
Unsure 0.16 .690
Yes 15.52 < .001

Midwest

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.04 .844
No, not eligible 0.01 .927
Unsure 0.34 .560
Yes 0.34 .561

Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 3.09 .079
No, not eligible 79.07 < .001
Unsure 1.33 .248
Yes 74.27 < .001

LatinX

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 3.78 .052
No, not eligible 63.09 < .001
Unsure 4.28 .038
Yes 34.89 < .001

Low income

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 3.68 .055
No, not eligible 1088.30 < .001
Unsure 7.29 .007
Yes 1281.87 < .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 11.40 .010
No, not eligible 1142.66 < .001
Unsure 10.19 .017
Yes 1326.85 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 17.95 < .001
No, not eligible 1115.51 < .001
Unsure 12.42 .006
Yes 1296.38 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 9.04 .029
No, not eligible 1115.59 < .001
Unsure 11.70 .009
Yes 1299.92 < .001

Income by South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 9.04 .029
No, not eligible 1115.59 < .001
Unsure 11.70 .009
Yes 1299.92 < .001

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

  • Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1699)\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1313)\)
  • No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1699)\)
  • No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1304)\)
  • No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 135)\)
  • Not applicable \((N = 488)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.11 .743
No, didn’t know how 2.09 .148
No, not available 17.61 < .001
No, planned 0.23 .630
Yes 13.94 < .001

West

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.98 .323
No, didn’t know how 2.28 .131
No, not available 17.13 < .001
No, planned 2.35 .125
Yes 5.29 .022

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 4.31 .038
No, didn’t know how 0.76 .382
No, not available 0.01 .905
No, planned 6.63 .010
Yes 13.86 < .001

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.28 .259
No, didn’t know how 6.23 .013
No, not available 0.03 .860
No, planned 0.00 > .999
Yes 2.12 .145

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.83 .363
No, didn’t know how 1.37 .242
No, not available 8.54 .003
No, planned 14.44 < .001
Yes 29.25 < .001

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.26 .262
No, didn’t know how 0.97 .324
No, not available 5.25 .022
No, planned 52.44 < .001
Yes 65.18 < .001

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.64 .424
No, didn’t know how 9.64 .002
No, not available 104.77 < .001
No, planned 194.79 < .001
Yes 522.60 < .001
free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.64 .424
No, didn’t know how 9.64 .002
No, not available 104.77 < .001
No, planned 194.79 < .001
Yes 522.60 < .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 4.64 .200
No, didn’t know how 11.12 .011
No, not available 110.45 < .001
No, planned 212.23 < .001
Yes 554.71 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 3.97 .264
No, didn’t know how 17.68 .001
No, not available 109.23 < .001
No, planned 199.45 < .001
Yes 526.96 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 2.10 .552
No, didn’t know how 12.31 .006
No, not available 108.94 < .001
No, planned 227.10 < .001
Yes 552.43 < .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 2.10 .552
No, didn’t know how 12.31 .006
No, not available 108.94 < .001
No, planned 227.10 < .001
Yes 552.43 < .001

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

  • Very hard \((N = 530)\)
  • Hard \((N = 790)\)
  • Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
  • Not very hard \((N = 4092)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 22.97 < .001
Somewhat hard 9.54 .002
Hard 1.90 .169
Very hard 4.90 .027

West

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 5.69 .017
Somewhat hard 3.06 .080
Hard 1.84 .175
Very hard 10.49 .001

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 7.09 .008
Somewhat hard 2.83 .092
Hard 0.28 .600
Very hard 2.26 .133

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 0.33 .564
Somewhat hard 0.02 .878
Hard 6.32 .012
Very hard 4.70 .030

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 40.48 < .001
Somewhat hard 10.74 .001
Hard 4.95 .026
Very hard 14.59 < .001

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 67.04 < .001
Somewhat hard 19.78 < .001
Hard 27.00 < .001
Very hard 3.33 .068

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 878.28 < .001
Somewhat hard 183.33 < .001
Hard 215.33 < .001
Very hard 277.25 < .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 989.43 < .001
Somewhat hard 219.07 < .001
Hard 229.67 < .001
Very hard 350.54 < .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 905.54 < .001
Somewhat hard 196.18 < .001
Hard 224.20 < .001
Very hard 280.18 < .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 909.83 < .001
Somewhat hard 190.13 < .001
Hard 238.45 < .001
Very hard 280.33 < .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 909.83 < .001
Somewhat hard 190.13 < .001
Hard 238.45 < .001
Very hard 280.33 < .001

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Food \((N = 1567)\)
  • Housing \((N = 1693)\)
  • Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
  • Healthcare \((N = 745)\)
  • Social \((N = 743)\)
  • Emotional \((N = 806)\)
  • Childcare \((N = 675)\)
  • Other \((N = 205)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Food 2.95 .086
House 7.45 .006
Utilities 19.04 < .001
Healthcare 16.25 < .001
Social 1.95 .162
Emotional 0.21 .645
Childcare 4.65 .031
Other 0.47 .491

West

key statistic p.value
Food 1.50 .221
House 0.15 .697
Utilities 12.29 < .001
Healthcare 1.21 .271
Social 0.00 > .999
Emotional 0.58 .448
Childcare 0.01 .934
Other 0.21 .649

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Food 6.20 .013
House 1.61 .205
Utilities 1.41 .235
Healthcare 15.35 < .001
Social 0.10 .757
Emotional 0.69 .408
Childcare 5.78 .016
Other 0.00 > .999

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Food 2.19 .138
House 2.31 .129
Utilities 0.04 .846
Healthcare 0.00 > .999
Social 1.59 .208
Emotional 0.97 .325
Childcare 0.03 .858
Other 0.09 .762

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 15.48 < .001
House 11.59 .001
Utilities 18.88 < .001
Healthcare 0.00 .948
Social 1.19 .276
Emotional 0.02 .875
Childcare 23.47 < .001
Other 0.61 .435

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 36.93 < .001
House 48.92 < .001
Utilities 45.83 < .001
Healthcare 5.78 .016
Social 0.01 .923
Emotional 0.96 .326
Childcare 0.83 .361
Other 0.02 .877

Low income

key statistic p.value
Food 266.53 < .001
House 414.38 < .001
Utilities 744.54 < .001
Healthcare 7.91 .005
Social 148.77 < .001
Emotional 172.75 < .001
Childcare 35.50 < .001
Other 71.83 < .001

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Food 315.42 < .001
House 499.52 < .001
Utilities 851.83 < .001
Healthcare 37.82 < .001
Social 172.38 < .001
Emotional 211.33 < .001
Childcare 36.90 < .001
Other 80.41 < .001

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 280.11 < .001
House 421.09 < .001
Utilities 769.90 < .001
Healthcare 9.80 .020
Social 161.24 < .001
Emotional 178.39 < .001
Childcare 56.34 < .001
Other 74.17 < .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 289.56 < .001
House 438.89 < .001
Utilities 763.32 < .001
Healthcare 16.30 .001
Social 161.92 < .001
Emotional 194.06 < .001
Childcare 41.65 < .001
Other 74.64 < .001

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Food 279.00 < .001
House 426.42 < .001
Utilities 752.11 < .001
Healthcare 24.73 < .001
Social 162.20 < .001
Emotional 176.73 < .001
Childcare 39.32 < .001
Other 75.64 < .001

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

  • 0 \((N = 4177)\)
  • 1 \((N = 671)\)
  • 2 \((N = 921)\)
  • 3 \((N = 752)\)
  • 4 \((N = 417)\)
  • 5 \((N = 214)\)
  • 6 \((N = 101)\)
  • 7 \((N = 55)\)
  • 8 \((N = 4)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 22.06 < .001
1 1.08 .300
2 15.37 < .001
3 2.34 .126
4 0.30 .582
5 0.06 .813
6 0.87 .351

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 6.30 .012
1 0.53 .468
2 5.17 .023
3 0.50 .481
4 0.02 .880
5 0.24 .626
6 1.33 .249

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 6.89 .009
1 0.00 > .999
2 2.04 .153
3 0.93 .335
4 2.84 .092
5 0.13 .717
6 0.02 .878

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 0.14 .710
1 0.15 .698
2 0.56 .456
3 0.00 .945
4 0.31 .578
5 0.01 .942
6 0.08 .780

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 38.37 < .001
1 20.48 < .001
2 10.94 .001
3 0.82 .366
4 1.21 .271
5 0.02 .881
6 0.45 .503

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 64.78 < .001
1 19.98 < .001
2 19.16 < .001
3 5.38 .020
4 0.57 .449
5 0.07 .785
6 2.75 .097

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 844.96 < .001
1 91.75 < .001
2 188.17 < .001
3 124.24 < .001
4 87.93 < .001
5 29.36 < .001
6 17.95 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 956.18 < .001
1 100.47 < .001
2 233.09 < .001
3 137.39 < .001
4 93.34 < .001
5 44.01 < .001
6 28.38 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 873.00 < .001
1 102.23 < .001
2 194.48 < .001
3 133.51 < .001
4 90.58 < .001
5 31.89 < .001
6 20.73 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.001
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.166
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 874.80 < .001
1 102.48 < .001
2 198.00 < .001
3 126.29 < .001
4 91.37 < .001
5 36.26 < .001
6 23.92 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.438
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.000

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 874.80 < .001
1 102.48 < .001
2 198.00 < .001
3 126.29 < .001
4 91.37 < .001
5 36.26 < .001
6 23.92 < .001

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 22.06 < .001
1+ 22.06 < .001

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 6.3 .012
1+ 6.3 .012

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 6.89 .009
1+ 6.89 .009

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 0.14 .710
1+ 0.14 .710

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 38.37 < .001
1+ 38.37 < .001

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 64.78 < .001
1+ 64.78 < .001

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 844.96 < .001
1+ 844.96 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 956.18 < .001
1+ 956.18 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 873 < .001
1+ 873 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.198
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 874.8 < .001
1+ 874.8 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.175
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.000

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 874.8 < .001
1+ 874.8 < .001